The Hanseatic League was not so much a league of cities as it was a league of merchant associations within the cities of Northern Germany and the Baltic.
Trade in the middle ages was a dangerous and the only way for merchants to protect themselves was by traveling together. This banding together of merchants on the road led to their alliances at home as well.
The trade between the merchant associations of Hamburg and Luebeck provided a model for the merchant associations of the other North German cities to follow. In 1201 Cologne, already wealthy, joined the league. Danzig, whose port was a gateway to the eastern Baltic also joined as did most of the important Baltic port cities. By the height of the Hansa’s power merchants from over sixty cities had joined the association.
Because of the dangers involved with shipping cargos, especially since there was no such thing as insurance, the common practice was to form partnerships and have each merchant buy a share of a cargo or a share of a ship. By spreading your investment over several cargos and shipping them on several ships the risk of a catastrophic loss was reduced.
Eventually the Hanseatic League was so powerful they sent men to fight in wars and financed many battles. The town of Lubeck became a central point for all sea trade coming in and out of the Baltic.
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At the proposal of the Russian Imperial Government, made through the minister of the Emperor residing here, a full power and instructions have been transmitted to the Minister of the United States at St. Petersburgh to arrange, by amicable negotiation, the respective rights and interests of the two nations on the northwest coast of this continent.
In his December 2, 1823, address to Congress, President James Monroe articulated United States’policy on the new political order developing in the rest of the Americas and the role of Europe in the Western Hemisphere.
The statement, known as the Monroe Doctrine, was little noted by the Great Powers of Europe, but eventually became a longstanding tenet of U.S. foreign policy. Monroe and his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams drew upon a foundation of American diplomatic ideals such as disentanglement from European affairs and defense of neutral rights as expressed in Washington’s Farewell Address and Madison’s stated rationale for waging the War of 1812.
Recently, during the Cold War, the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (added during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt) was invoked as a reason to intervene militarily in Latin America to stop the spread of Communism. More.
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The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order, issued January 1, 1863, named the specific states where it applied.
The five-page document, considered a linchpin in post-Civil War reunification, is headed to the Reagan Library next month, part of “Forever Free,” a look at slavery and the Civil War that includes a small collection of items associated with Abraham Lincoln. Details from the Ventura County Star:
“We don’t just tell the story of one man here; we tell the story of American history and the presidency, and the Reagan Library is honored to share this piece of American history,” said Joanne Drake, chief of staff for the Reagan Foundation.
The exhibit will include letters and manuscripts written by Lincoln, including a California Emancipation Proclamation ‘ printed in California in 1864 and signed by President Lincoln for commemorative purposes ‘ one of only three known to exist, said Rob Zucca, an exhibit specialist at the Reagan Library.
The document in which Abraham Lincoln declared enslaved Africans ‘forever free,’ at the height of the Civil War, is the centerpiece of the new exhibit. It’s one of three signed copies known to exist.
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